Chomsky za pocetnike-3godina

Evo pitanja i odgovora za Chomskog:)

1. What is Chomsky's science of language?
Chomsky's science of language is a branch of the study of biology. It is a naturalistic science that provides an „abstract“description and explanation of a biological system found only in humans, the system that Chomsky calls „ the language organ“
2. IS language a natural or social phenomenon according to Chomsky, and why?
For Chomsky, language is a natural phenomenon, no a social one. This is emphasized b the fact that languages are quickly acquired by very young children without training. If language is not taught, then it must somehow be built into child’s mind at birth.
3.What is Chomsky’s attitude towards biology and evolution of language?
Chomsky does not doubt that language evolved, however, he does not believe that language is the product of some sort of natural selection.
4. Are human languages expressions of culture and society according to Chomsky?
For Chomsky, human languages are not expressions of culture and society. They are in sense, expressions of our genes. All the existing and possible natural languages are biologically encompassed within what Chomsky calls “Universal grammar.”
5. What is the crucial difference btw humans and other species? Humans are sole species to have language.
6 What is Plato’s problem? It is the taste of explaining how we can acquire so much knowledge of language (its structure, sounds, and meanings) in such short time.
7. What is universal grammar? UG is a biologically inbuilt, structural scheme for language.
8. What are three main points of rationalist approach to human mind and language?
They hold that mind is both structured and provided with rich and extremely useful “content” at birth, they recognize that experience and “external” factors play a role in the mind’s “choosing” which concepts to activate or develop, but they deny that external elements shape and constitute concepts, they are nativists and they focus on mind’s internal structure and operations
9. What are three main points of the empiricist approach to human mind and language? They think that mind gets its language-specific structure and virtually all of its “content” by learning it from environment conditions-interaction with things(world) and others.
10. What was Chomsky’s first political publication? It was a reflection on the fall of Barcelona, Czechoslovakia and Austria and the rise of Fascism
11. What is linguistics and what should be the focus of it? Linguistics is the scientific study of language. For Chomsky the focus of linguistics is the study of knowledge of language.
12. explain the modularity of the human mind, and two different notions of modularity. The human mind is argued to be modular in that vision and audition, face recognition and the number sense are all separable faculties governed by their own generalizations and principles. The language faculty constitutes a separate module in this sense, akin in many respects to any organ of the body. There are two different notions of modularity. One according to which the language faculty is a module of the mind; and another according to which the language module itself divides up into submodules, relation to sound, structure and meaning.
13. Give an example of submodular dissociation within th lang. faculty
The case of me who can read nouns and verbs of arbitrary complexity, but who cannot cope with “function” words like after, not, the, because, at all.
14. What does our knowledge of language enable us?
It enables us to produce and understand any of the indefinitely large number of sentences and additionally we can make judgements of well-formedness about sentences we have never previously encountered.
15. What is “negative knowledge”?
The ability of native speakers to recognise immediately that some sentences are ungrammatical like John speaks fluently English.
16. Explain the distinction btw competence and performance.
Competence is what we know and performance is what we do with what we know.
17. What does a full recovery of aphasia prove?
That the patient’s knowledge has all the time intact, despite her/his temporary inability to exploit it
18. Why is idealization in the linguistic domain important?
It reveals that which is real, but which is usually hidden from view by a mass of detail.
19. The first language acquisition is idealized to “Instantaneity” by Chomsky. Why?
Because the early difference in the children’s system has no effect at all on the grammar they end up with.
20. Does the difference in the children’s system of negation have effect on the grammar?
No, the diff. stages children go through in the language acquisition process (e.g. No like cabbage or like cabbage no) are of no importance to their ultimate psychological stage(at the end both children will use the correct form –don’t like cabbage)
21. What is the first distinction on that needs to be made in the internal structure of grammar?
It is that btw the lexicon and the “computational system”, basically the difference btw what you have to store in memory and what you can create ____(anen) as the occasion demands.
22. What are two main levels of representation and what do they express?
The level of representation called Phonetic Form (PF) which expresses regularities about pronunciation and the sound structure of sentences, and the level of semantic representation called Logical Form (LF) which captures generalizations about meaning and the logical properties of sentences.
23. Give an example to prove the relation btw LF and PF….
Picasso painted his models nude.
24. Give an example to prove that the relation btw PF and LF may be many to one.
All the children came AND The children all came
25. What is the role of transformations?
Transformations change one structure into another structure, relating statements to questions
26. Example to prove that sentences have structure.
Black cab driver meaning a black driver of cabs[black[cab driver]] and driver of black cabs [black cab[driver]]
27. What does the ungrammaticality of * many there are people in the room show?
That separating two elements (many and people) f the constituent is impossible.
28. What r 2 possible replacements for a constituent?
It can be replaced by “pro-form”- there are many people in the room but they are hiding.
Or by an empty category: Many people are in the room but __are hiding.
29. There are two different kinds of rule. Specify and explain with examples.
One that “merges” two words to form a larger constituent: e.g. many and people; and another that may “move” such constituent to diff position: e.g. moving MANY PEOPLE(but not just MANY) to the front of the sentence.
30. What is “tacit” knowledge of language and what does it enable us?
The unconscious or “tacit” knowledge is the knowledge most of us are not aware of, and none of us can spell out it in full detail. It enables us to produce and understand any of infinite number of largely novel sentences, and to make judgements about their well-formedness.
31. What is the displacement property of language?
Constituents are pronounced in places other than where they are interpreted. E.g. these delegates might elect the best candidate. l Which candidate these delegates might elect? The best candidate, these delegates might elect.
32. Construct a Chinese question corresponding to which candidate might these delegates elect!
These delegates might elect which candidate?
33. Which level of representation is identical in Chinese and eng and which level…?
LF is identical and PF is different
34. What are 2 diff types of movement?
Overt(visible) movement of some categories which happens before “spell-out# as in English; and Covert(invisible) which happens after spell-out, as in Chinese.
35. Explain the diff btw movements before and after spell out!
Movements before spell-out are overt or visible, as in English, and movements after “spell-out#” are covert or invisible as in Chinese.
36. What is a n empty category?
It has syntactic properties but is not pronounced. E.g. John wants (e.c) to go.
37-Indicate john wants (e-c) to go.
38explain the ungramm of *Joe is planning to come at the same time as I’m.
Contraction cannot be placed adjacent to an empty category>AM is adjacent to an empty category left by the omission of planning to come.
39. Explain the ungrammaticality of the * tell me where the party’s tomorrow.
There is an empty category after is marking the place from which WHERE was moved, and blocking contraction of is to s.
40. Indicate the position of the empty category in> tell me where the party is (E.C) 2mrw.
41 Explain the distinction nbtw I and E-lang.
I-language is the language of the individual and e-language is the language of the social or political group in which that individual resides.
42. what should a grammar (the I-lang) define and specify?
It must define the two levels of representation, PF and LF and specify the link between them.
43. Give an example of universal properties of language that need not be learned.
We do not need to learn that out language contains nouns and verbs: all languages contain nouns and verbs.
44. What are principles in the theory of principles and parameters?
Principles determine the so-called design features of language.
45. One of the parameters is “head-first”….
Head first language places for example the head verb before its complement, such language is English. The principle is that the head word precedes its complement.
46. What does the theory of parametric variation identify?
The theory of parametric variation identifies precisely those aspects of language which it is necessary for the children to acquire on the basis of experience.
47. Where does the wh-phrase move?
It moves to a position called the “specifier” (spec) of the complementizer Phrase(CP).
48. Why does the Wh-phrase move?
It moves because compelemntizer(C ) is “strong” and sets like a request attracting the item to it.
49. Why does Chomsky claim that many aspects of out knowledge of language are universal?
If a substantial part of our knowledge is innate, and if any child can learn the language it is immersed in with equal facility, it follows that many aspects of our knowledge are universal.
50. What is Chomsky’s position regarding the role of natural selection in evolution of language?
He believes that natural selection must have played a role in the evolution of language, but so too have elementary physical constraints, such as the size of the human head.
51. What are the most central question for a generative linguist?
What is the nature of the capacity we all have to speak a language, and how does this capacity arise in the individual?
52. What is human language capacity for Chomsky?
It is a productive “computational” system, most of whose properties are present in _____ of experience, “wired in” in the structure of the human being.
53. Why did Chomsky call his approach “generative grammar”?
Because of the fact that there is no limit on the number of sentences in any human language.
54. What does the contras between an aim and a name illustrate?
It illustrates the modularity.
55. What is structural ambiguity?
It is the phenomenon when one string of words is two different sentences. E.g. mary saw the man with binoculars.
56. What is a difference btw the P-markers and the “lower” (sound related levels?
P-markers must be set of strings, while members at “lower levels are simply strings of symbols.
57. Specify the required set of strings for the sentence- the woman studied the book. Sentence; NP VP, NP V NP, Det N V det N;
58. Give a phrase structure grammar for the sentence the woman studied the book
SentenceàNp VP; VPàV NP; NPàDet N; Detàthe; NàWoman, book; Vàstudied.
59.Contstruct a sentence to prove that language is infinite.
Susan says John thinks Mary wants….
60. Explain the distinction btw generalized and singulary transformations.
A generalized transformation ________(grafts) one three onto another, singulary transformation apply to one three.
61. What do transformations relate?
Transformations relate more abstract “underlying” structureres to more superficial surface representations.
62. Explain the organization of the sytntactic portion of grammar in LSLT model.
Application of the phrase structure rule s creates a P-marker, or in the case of complex sentence, a set of P-markers. Then successive application of transformations creates successive phrase structure representation (derived P-markers) culminating in a final surface representation.
63. What are the syntactic levels in this theory and what are representations at these levels?
That of phrase structure and that of transformations. The representations at those levels are the P-marker and the T-marker respectively.
64. What are the syntactic levels in this theory of grammar presented in LSLT and aspects model?
In aspects Chomsky presented a revised conception of the grammar, based on an alternative way of constructing complex sentences(that the phrase structure rule component itself has a recursive character) In LSLT, the phrase structure rules produce simple monoclausal structures, which can then be merged together by generalized transformations.
65. Which rule is added to the set of phrase structure to create the possibility of ever..?
A “recursive” loop is added to set of phrase structure rules.
66.Which level of structure is introduced in aspects and how is this level formed?
The underlying or “deep structure” is introduced and it is the result of application of the phrase rules and “lexical insertion transformations” which insert items from the lexicon into the skeletal structure.
67.What was the effect of this change in the theory of phrase structure?
It was the effect of eliminating generalized transformations.
68. How did Chomsky summarizte his model of grammar in aspects?
The syntactic component consists of a base that generates deep structures, and a transformational part that maps them into surface structure. The deep structure of a sentence is submitted to the semantic component fore the semantic interpretation, and its surface structure enters the phonological component and undergoes phonetic interpretation. The final effect of grammar then is to relate a semantic interpretation to a phonetic representation- that is, to state how a sentence is interpreted.
69.Explain the difference btw LSLT and aspects in relating simple questions and statements.
In LSLT simple questions and corresponding statements are derived form the same initial P-marker, in Aspects those initial q-markers would be very similar but not identical.
70. Give a graphical representation of the model of grammar as presented in aspects.
Deep Structure___ semantic interpretation/ Transformation (operating cyclically)/
Surface structure____ Phonetic interpretation (via the “sound-related” levels of phonetics)
71. Where did Chomsky elaborate a new theory (after the aspects model) and what is its name?
Chomsky elaborated so-called Extended Standard Theory in Deep Structure, surface structure, and semantic interpretation.
72.What are the contributions of different levels to semantic interpretation in the EST model?
The contribution of deep structure concerns “grammatical relation” such as subject of and object of. The contribution of surface structure concerns virtually all other aspects of meaning, including scope, anaphors, locus, etc.
73. In which book did Chomsky introduce a technical innovation?
He introduced it in Condition on Transformations arguing when item moves, it leaves behind a “trace” marking the position from which it moved.
74. Explain the Ungram of Wanna contraction in Wh question. Give ex.
In question who do you wanna solve this problem? Superficially there is nothing intervening btw went to, but if assume that movement leaves a trace, then the trace of WHO is intervening and thus prevents contraction.
75. What did Chomsky suggest in reflections of language?
He suggested that surface structure can be the input for all semantic interpretation.
76. How did Chomsky summarize his claim that surface structure can be input for semantic?
To understand the sentence we must know the position in the initial phrase marker of the phrase that has been moved.
77. Which form is used for the syntactic representation that interacts with semantics?
The term “Logical Form”.
78 Give a schematic representation of the model of grammar in the government-binding model.
Deep structure/transformations/ surface structure/ (on the left side goes) Phonological rules/Phonetic form (PF) (on the right side) transformation/logical form (LF)
79. Explain the difference btw “overt” and “covert” transformational operation.
Overt transformation operates btw deep structure and surface structure, and it has an effect on the phonetic output, since surface structure feeds into PF. Overt transformational application, between surface structure and LF has no phonetic effect, since LF does not lead into PF.
80. What is Quantifier raising?
QR is an example of covert transformation operation, it move s quantifiers from their surface positions to positions more transparently representing their scope
81. What are possible LF representations of the sentence Some students solved every problem?
Some student can have wider scoper than every problem: some student; [every problem[solved] and that every problem has wider scope than some student: every problem[some student;[solved]]
82. Give a paraphrase for the meaning in which some student has a wider scope than every problem?
There is particular student who solved all problems.
83. Give a paraphrase for the meaning in which every problem has wider scope than some student?
For each problem it is possible to find a student who solved a problem.
84. What would *why do you wonder[what[john bought]]mean if it were acceptable?
What is the reason such that you wonder what John bought for that reason?
85. A corresponding question in Chinese, a language in sith, is also ungrammatical.ex?
In Chinese, where interrogative expressions do not seem to move, their interpretation apparently obey the same constraints that the movement in language like English obeys.
86.In which book did Chomsky develop the GB theory?
In lectures on Government and Binding Chomsky developed the GB theory.
87. Chomsky prefers the term PP theory to GB theory. Why?
Chomsky felt that “GB theory” was misleading appellation, since there were many other equally important technical terms in the theory. He preferred “principles and Parameters theory” as a name because it highlights the fact that at the centre of the framework were linguistic universals (principles) and the simple limited ways that languages can differ (parameters).
88. Explain the distinction btw the D-structure and S-structure in the GB theory.
D-structure has lost its significance as an interface with semantics, it is simple the level that begins the syntactic derivation.
89. What is inclusion?
Inclusion is the relation In a given structure btw, e.g. S, on the one hand, and NP and VP on the other.
90 Give a definition of the structural relation c-command.
A category X c-commands another category Y if every category which includes X also includes Y.
91. Give the definition of Binding.
One NP binds another NP if the former c-commands the latter and the two NPS are coindexed (have the same index)
92. Apply a transformation to *he likes everyone that john; knows to ger a gram sent?
Everyone that john; knows, he; likes.
93Whar r LF and PF in the minimalist program?
LF and PF are the “Interface” levels in the Minimalist program.
94. Describe the process of derivation of a sentence in the minimalist program.
The derivation begins with a “numeration”, a set of lexical items selected fro the lexicon. The lexical items are inserted “on-line” in the course of the syntactic derivation. The derivation proceeds “bottom up” with most deeply embedded structural unit created first then combined with another lexical items to create a longer phrasal unit and so on.
95. What is transformational component of grammar in the minimalist program?
It is restricted to a tiny number of very general operations: Merge (the generalised transformation, expended in its role so that it creates even simple clausal structures), Move, Delete.
96. Represent graphically the model of grammar in the minimalist approach!
Numeration(the selection of lexical items)/ Generalized and singulary transformations(combining members of the numeration and altering the resulting structures)/ point of spell out”>PF strelica ispod point >LF.
97What is spell-out?
It is the pont where the derivation splits off on one branch towards PG, ultimately phonetics, while the transformational derivation itself (the “syntactic” portion of the derivation) continues on towards LF, ultimately semantics.
98. Which derivation is most economical?
The one with the least instance of movement.
99. What is a motivation for movement?
Lexical items are assumed to be composed of “features” some of which need to be “checked” in particular configurations. This is what drives movement.
100. What is the input to semantic interpretation in various models of generative grammar?
LEFT SIDE- LSLT model/Aspects model(standard theory)/Extended standard theory/government Binding(GB)/Minimalism
RIGHT side- T-marker/deep structure, deep and surface structure; LF(via S-structure) LF(via a continuous transformational derivation.

hvala Administratore što nas prosvijetli svojim nadasve velikim znanjem i pojmanjem Chomskog

Chuck Boris je napisao/la:hvala Administratore što nas prosvijetli svojim nadasve velikim znanjem i pojmanjem Chomskog

ahahaha:D nema na cemu:) treba li ti i prvi dio?

Hvala care, već sam pripažen

de sad da tu sintaksu pošperemo u januaru, a ako ništa, bar da je se do septembra riješimo i da imamo bar 7 dana da ne mislimo na to, a onda Xena u slj semestru

Oh happy days

treba meni 1. dio

Anida je napisao/la:treba meni 1. dio

1. Who is Avram Noam Chomsky?
>An American linguist, philosopher, political activist, author and lecturer.
2. When did Chomsky wrote his first article and what was it about?
HE wrote his first article when he was 10, about the threat of the spred of fascism
1. When did Chomsky receive his PhD and what was his first published book?
He received his PhD in 1955 in linguistics from the Uni. of Pennsylvania and „syntactic structures” was his first published book (1957)
2. What was the title of the first essay in which he expressed opposition to the Vietnam War?
“The responsibility of Intellectuals” in 1967.
3. What is the transformational grammar?
It is a theory which takes utterances (sequences of words) to have a syntax which can be characterized by a formal grammar, in particular, a context –free grammar extended with a transformational rules.
4. What is the Principles and Parameters approach?
He grammatical principles underlying languages are innate and fixed, and the difference among the world’s languages can be characterized in terms of parameter setting in the brain, which are often likened to switches
5. What is generative grammar?
The gen. grammar studies grammar as a body of knowledge possessed by language users.
6. Criticism of Chomsky’s work has come from a number of diff directions. Describe!
Chomskyan linguistics rely heavily on the intuitions of the native speakers regarding which sentences of their languages are well formed> on general methodological grounds: and overemphasis on the study of English; psychologists and psycholinguistics: Chomskyan linguistics pays insufficient attention to experimental data from language processing and their theories are not psychologically plausible.
7. What is the “verbal behavior” according to Skinner?
He argued that to understand human verbal behavior such as the creative aspects of language use and language development, one must first postulate a genetic linguistic endowment. The assumption that important aspects of language are the product of universal innate ability runs counter to Skinner's radical behaviorism.
8. What are the main points of Chomsky’s review of Skinner’s “Verbal Behavior”?
>application of behavioral principles is severely lacking in explanatory adequacy
>superficial as an account of human verbal behavior: or because a theory restricting itself to external factors.
9. What are three key ideas about language and mind in Chomskayan “cognitive revolution”?
The mind is “cognitive”>mind actually contains mental states, beliefs, doubts, etc.
>the most important properties of language and mind are innate
>concept of “modularity” a critical technique of the minds’ cognitive architecture
10. What is modularity?
The mind is composed of an array of interesting, specialized subsystems with limited flows of inter-communication.
11. What are political views of Chomsky?
Traditional anarchist views with origins in the Enlightenment and classical liberalism; libertarian socialism, an American political dissident.
12. What are his views of the foreign policy of the United States?
Very strong criticism of it. He claims double standards in a foreign policy preaching democracy and freedom for all, while promoting and allying itself with non-democratic and repressive organizations.
13. What are his views of the mass media in the United States?
They largely serve as propaganda of the US government and large corporations.
14. What is his influence in other fields?
His hierarchy is often taught in fundamental computer science coursed and can also be discussed in mathematical terms
>some arguments in evolutionary psychology are derived from his research results.
15. Who is Nim Chimpsky?
A chimpanzee who was the subject of a study in animal language acquisition named after Chomsky.
16. What is the title of the book in which Chomsky presented his “propaganda model”?
“manufacturing Consent: The political Economy of the mass Media(1988)
17. Describe the five “filters” that all published news must “pass through” according to Chomsky.
Ownership, notes that most major media outlets are owned by large corporations. The second, funding, notes that the outlets derive the majority of their funding from advertising, not readers. Thus, since they are profit-oriented businesses selling a product—readers and audiences—to other businesses (advertisers), the model would expect them to publish news which would reflect the desires and values of those businesses. In addition, the news media are dependent on government institutions and major businesses with strong biases as sources (the third filter) for much of their information. Flak, the fourth filter, refers to the various pressure groups which attack the media for supposed bias. Norms, the fifth filter, refer to the common conceptions shared by those in the profession of journalism.
18. What is Chomsky’s ranking among the most cited scholars?
Some of the ten most-quoted writers of all time; and the most cited living author.
19. What was the influence of Chomsky’s uncle on him while he was a teenager?
In his newspaper stand in NY he received his political education and developed a broad understanding of Freudian theory.
20. Which of his books did Chomsky complete in 1956? When was it published?
Logical Structure of Lingusitic TheoryY, he completed in 1956, published it in 1975.
21. What was Chomsky’s attitude towards the Vietnam War?
He opposed to it, active resistance.
22. Compare Chomsky and Plato.
Both rely on abstract and ideal forms in explanation of their theories, consider the justice as ruling principle of society, reject tyranny and consider the exercise of irresponsible power a crime, but Chomsky has a diff view prom Plato’s in social hierarchy.
23. What is Chomsky’s opinion about Humboldt?
He considered him one of greatest theorists of general linguistics. Chomsky frequently quotes Humboldt's description of language as a system which "makes infinite use of finite means", meaning that an infinite number of sentences can be created using a finite number of grammatical rule
24. What is Chomsky’s view of the anarchist tradition?
He argues with that ideas to a certain extent> He wants organization of society that is not hierarchical; the anarchist tradition is against all forms of organized governments.
25. What are main characteristics of “a real science” according to Chomsky?
It must make an attempt to explain why thins function the way they do.
26. What are language faculty and universal grammar?
Language faculty is innate ability of humans to produce and understand particular language; universal grammar underlines the structure of all languages, it is part of the cognitive psychology of humans, which seeks to determine the invariant principles of the language faculty.
27. What is the innateness hypothesis?
Chomsky’s theory that certain rules of grammar are innate and they can not be learned.
28. What is the diff btw language acquisition and language learning?
L learning>studying language and its grammar and vocabulary; L-A. > is the way children absorb language.
29. How does a child manage to master a large number of complex principles of grammar?
He or she has some innate rules of grammar and children require language by setting certain parameters that already exist in their minds(are inborn)
30. How can we prove that grammar is not learned?
The speaker is capable of using and understanding sentences that have no physical similarity to any sentence he has ever heard.
31. What does it mean to say that grammar is innate?
It would not be possible for a human being to deduce the subtle and complex rules of the grammar he uses.
32. what is grammar and how exactly does it work?
??????????????????????
33. ::::: What is the book Necessary Illusions about, what is its subtitle, and what is its significance?
>subtitle: Thought control in Democratic societies.
>about history of propaganda, public relation, etc.
>Suggests that democratic societies, like American, are not fully democratic, questions the freedom of speech in such societies.
34. What are the two targets of propaganda according to Chomsky?
>the political class (about 20%) who have role in decision making
>rest of population(80%) just follow orders and not think, not pay attention to anything, and they usually pay the costs.
35. What is “a propaganda model” and what does it consist of? In which book was it elaborated?
>describes the “invisible” forces that insure that the mass media will play the role of propagandists and transmit biased information. >It consists of five general classes of filters.
36. Explain filter 1(money)
Media is corporation, exists only to make a profit.
37. Explain filter 2(advertising)
Most newspapers have to attract and maintain a high proportion of advertising in order to cover the costs of production; without it, they would have to increase the price of their newspaper. There is fierce competition throughout the media to attract advertisers; a newspaper which gets less advertising than its competitors is put at a serious disadvantage.
38. What is filter 3? Explain it.
Sourcing of mass-media. Reliance on information provided by government, business and experts.
39. What is Flak? Explain it
Flak is or are negative responses to a media statement or [TV or radio] program(letters, telegrams, phone calls, etc). Flak is characterized by concerted and intentional efforts to manage public information.
40. Explain Filter 5(Anti-communism)
Communism once posed the primary threat according to the model. Communism and socialism were portrayed by their detractors as endangering freedoms of speech, movement, press, etc. They argue that such a portrayal was often used as a means to silence voices critical of elite interests.
41. What is the principle of concision and why is it important?
The principle of cutting everything to a bare minimum in order to make it fit within the format of “news”> to make place for commercials. > through it only convetional ideas will pass through the media filter(radical news need to be justified and that requires time)
42. What is the media’s function according to Chomsky?
Not to inform public but to sell to the public.
43. Chomsky claims that the free marker system is only a theory. Explain.
It is a sacred principle, all economic problems are said to be cured by the functioning of the “free market” which thtough natural competition will cause the best products and the best prices to prevail for the betterment of all. The free marker always makes the best choices and will fashion the most perfect society. But a closer look at how the ecnonm system functions, who pays the taxes, and how tax money is spent, reveals that the free market is only a theory.
44. What was a program of suburbanization of America and why is Chomsky critical of it.
>moving people from centers of towns and cities so that they would have to travel a lot(use gasoline) and so it gives the oil industry a virtual energy monopoly.

45. What are “friendly dictators” and “client states”?
Friendly dictators are dictators who are supported by the United States, and US is supporting them only because their own interest, usually economy.
>US have organized under its sponsorship and protection a neo-colonial system of client states ruled mainly by terror, and serving the interests of a small local and foreign business and military elite.

46. What is the real objective of the new world order according to Chomsky?
Objective is that the rest of the world accept dominance of USA over them.
47. What are “American interests” according to Chomsky?
>of American corporations to own the resources of other people’s countries

50. What did Chomsky describe in his book “Turning the Tide”? What happened in that country?
>the Dominican Republic invasion. > American soldiers were sent there to help the corrupt military regime to beat down the people of Dominican Republic.
51. Chomsky” the propaganda about „Islamic fundamentalism“has its farcical elements-Explain!
>USA has good relationship with the most extreme Islamic state in the world and it is only problem when it hets “out of control” and becomes radical “nationalism” or “ultra nationalism”
52. What was one of the reasons for the Vietnam war according to Chomsky?
>to protect the surrounding regions from the popular uprising
53. Syntax connects sound and meaning. Explain
> Language sounds and means and syntax is the part of it which connects the phonetic form (sounds) with the logical form in the human mind.
54. What does it mean to say that language is biological attribute?
>It is to say that some of its deepest properties are genetically determined.
55 What are two common uses of language? Explain.
>1.social relations>to construct and strengthen social relations among individuals
>2. self-expression> fail objasnjenje
56. What is structure dependence?
> Universal principle common to the syntax of all languages: learning language is to
57. Explain the distinction btw e-language and I-language?
I-language) refers to Internal language and is contrasted with External Language (or E-language). I-Language is taken to be the object of study in linguistic theory; it is the mentally represented linguistic knowledge that a native speaker of a language has, and is therefore a mental object. E-Language encompasses all other notions of what a language is, for example that it is a body of knowledge or behavioral habits shared by a community. Thus, E-Language is not itself a coherent concept.
58. What is difference btw American structuralism in linguistics and Chomsky’s views?
A.S gives an organized account of masses of linguistic data, and Chomsky’s central question is what level of grammatical processes are possible and which are impossible.
59.What are main features of Galileo’s scientific method?
>involve abstraction and idealization
60. What is the linguistic theory concerned with in idealized model?
>with an ideal speaker-learner in a completely homogenous speech community who knows his language perfectly and it is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, errors, etc.
61. Explain the fundamental distinction btw competence and performance!
Competence >the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language) and performance> the actual use of language in concrete situation)
62. What is the main point of Skinner’s behaviorist theory?
An infant’s language skills are the reinforced imitation of adult model.
63. What is the main point of Chomsky’s refutation of behaviorism?
Children are not born tabula rasa. Each child is genetically predisposed to acquire language.
64. What is “Plato’s problem”?
How is it that in our passage through the world we can know and understand so much from so little? Plato: we know so much because we remember so much.
65. What is the “innateness” hypothesis?
Human beings have same innate grammatical rules but language faculty is realized through experience.
66. How is language acquired according to Skinner?
By conditioning, habit-formation, “general learning mechanisms”, such as induction. Just like learning to ride a bicycle, which can be practiced.”
67. Which factors are responsible for our ability to speak language?
The innate properties of the mind and the environment.
68. Why was Chomsky criticized in connection with his views on language acquisition?
Because he places environment as marginal in the growth of language.
69.List five sources of these attacks.
Anthropological linguistics, sociology, political economy, philosophy, humanistic.
70. What was the main point of the humanistic objection and what was Chomsky’s response to it?
That Chomsky’s approach is extremely mechanistic and anti-realistic.
His response was that so-called humanistic objection is an exquisite example of anti-intellectualism.
71. What is the effect of the environment in lang. acquisition according to Chomsky?
Language faculty develops in the individual along an intrinsically shaped by the environment

72. All languages are creative and recursive. Explain!
The grammatical system is recursive. We make up new sentences freely. So grammar is finite, but we can make infinite number of sentences.
73. Explain the distinction btw Grammar 1(I-lang) and Grammar 2 (a theory of I-lang.)
Grammar 1> the sense of a structure is postulated in the mind
Grammar 2> a theory of I-language is composed by a linguist.
74. Explain the distinction btw the traditional grammar and generative grammar.
Traditional grammar is a guide for people who already know something about language. Generative grammar is a theory about a system of knowledge.
75. What is a question that a generative grammar attempts to answer?
What is this system of knowledge incorporated in the mind of a person who speaks and understands a particular language.
76. How do syntactic processes work? What are 2main types of syntactic rules?
There are two types of rules: 1. Phrase structure rules(PS rules) show how a sentence is divided into its components.Second type of rules connect various types of sentences.
77. Explain the distinction btw deep structure and surface structure!
Deep structure> an abstract level of organization where the basic syntactic relations are represented. Surface structure> what is actually spoken.
78. What is Universal Grammar?
One part of our biological make up is specifically dedicated to language. That is called our language faculty. UG is the initial state of that language faculty. Universal grammar is part of cognitive psychology (ultimately human biology) which seeks to determine the invariant principles of the language faculty.
79. How does the internalized grammar work (what types of rules are contained in it)?
Semantic rules which help work out meaning; Phonological rules which represent sound patterns; Syntactic rules which are concerned with word arrangement.
80. What is the empiricist reaction to postulation of unconscious knowledge and unconscious rule?
>the unconscious knowledge is conceptually absurd, and rules must be accessible to consciousness.
81. What are the principles of Full Interpretation and Economy?
Everything serves a purpose and receives an appropriate interpretation. And Principle of Economy is that all representations of structures ought to be as minimal as possible, subject to something like a “least effort” condition.
82. What is the Principles and Parameters approach?
This approach claims that there arte fixed universal principles which ran across all constructions in all languages.
83. What does it mean “to learn a language” in Principles and Parameters approach?
To learn a language means to learn how the Principles apply to a particular language, like the value attached to each parameter.
84. Explain the notion of Head Parameter.
The essential part of phrase is head.
85. Explain the process of fixing the parameters!
Parameters are set through experience, they’re based on evidence in the environment, and a parameter is set in a particular direction.
86. What is Chomsky’s libertarian inheritance? Who influenced his libertarian thinking?
Chomsky’s social philosophy inherits a long tradition of libertarian thinking, and one of his inspiration figures is Wilhelm von Humboldt, chief architect of the Prussian educational system and a critic of authoritarian state. Also John Dewey, American philosopher, educator and social critic, and Adam Smith, Scottish philosopher and economist of Enlightenment period.
87. List the five Cartesian theses!
Introspection discloses to you that you indeed have a mind;
The essence of this mind is thought itself;
Language is a creative substance;
Freedom of thought can only be grounded in the creative use of language;
This creativity must be able to think new thoughts, prove to be free of stimuli and therefore utterly innovative, coherent and appropriate to situations.
88. Which shape should society have according to anarchists?
Anarchist theory comprehends various strands: libertarian socialism, anarcho-syndicalism and communist anarchism. The shape of society envisaged by anarchism is of one organically composed of small communities centering on two units: the neighborhood and the workplace.
89. What is “the manufacture of consent”?
The process of ensuring that people agree to what the ruling groups want to do, but not through use of force, but by systems of indoctrination.
90. What is the point of Chomsky’s comparison of Russia and Brazil?
He points out that even though Brazil is not subjected to Communist regime, but to American, Brazilians regard the conditions of Eastern Europe as an attainable dream.
91. What kind of treatment did the US offer for overcoming the “Vietnam Syndrome”?
1. The flooding technique, i.e. more of the same (“military aggression”) but in a safe environment.
2. Present the US as the aggrieved party and the Vietnamese as the aggressors.
3. Never apologize and never admit culpability.
92. List five countries in which the US had direct or indirect intervention.
Indonesia, East-Timor, Nicaragua, Chile, Granada.
93. Why does the US feel so threatened by socialism in smaller countries according to Chomsky?
Because if a tiny impoverished country with a miniscule resources an begin to do something for its own population, others may ask: why not us? The weaker and more insignificant a country, the more limited its means and resources, the greater the threat of a good example.
94. What is Chomsky’s study of paired examples? Give one example of such pairings.
One of Chomsky’s methods of unmasking the tricks of indoctrination is by “the study of paired examples.” A priest killed by policeman in communist Poland. The policemen were quickly apprehended, tried and jailed. And 100 prominent Latin American religious figures martyred, including the assassination of the Archbishop of San Salvador and four American churchwomen raped and murdered by the US-backed security forces. Result: media restraint. Comments that a “basically moderate” government is finding it difficult to control violence of either the right or left.
95. What is commissar according to Chomsky?
Commissars are those intellectuals who take part in social management in allegiance to state power and the exercise of it. “

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